12,000-Year-old Aboriginal rock art from the Kimberley region, Western Australia
· Finch, D
Global evidence catalogue
Sources and further reading
Search the books, papers, standards, archives and institutional resources used throughout ITEM.
1021 sources
1890 Census
United States Census Bureau
1947: Invention of the Point-Contact Transistor
· Computer History Museum
1956: First Commercial Hard Disk Drive Shipped
· Computer History Museum
25 years since the world’s first text message, documenting the 3 December 1992 message
· Vodafone
70 years of EDSAC
· University of Cambridge
800 MHz Cellular Service history and licensing framework
· United States Federal Communications Commission
A 100,000-year-old ochre-processing workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa
· Henshilwood, C. S
A Bayesian Approach to Filtering Junk E-Mail
Mehran Sahami
A cellular network is a mobility-management and spectrum-reuse system, not a collection of towers. Its defining achievement is keeping subscribers reachable while their radio attachment and physical location change
A compiler does not teach the computer human language. It translates one exact formal world into another, and the civilisation built on software depends on that translation being right
A Conversation with Denise Schmandt-Besserat and Bill Maurer
· Wilding, David
A high-precision chronological model for the decorated Upper Paleolithic cave of Chauvet-Pont d’Arc, Ardèche, France
· Quiles, A
A Little History of the World Wide Web
· W3C
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
· Shannon, Claude E
A Model for Presence and Instant Messaging, February 2000
· RFC 2778
A Neural Algorithm of Artistic Style
· Leon A. Gatys, Alexander S. Ecker and Matthias Bethge
A Neural Probabilistic Language Model
Yoshua Bengio
A personal seal to authenticate and protect one’s assets:
· University of Hamburg CSMC
A Post-Processing System to Yield Reduced Word Error Rates: Recognizer Output Voting Error Reduction
John G. Fiscus
A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication, IEEE Transactions on Communications, May 1974
Vint Cerf, Robert Kahn
A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks
E. F. Codd
A search engine does not search the live Web directly. It searches a selective, delayed and ranked model of a corpus built by crawlers, indexes and policy
A Short History of Paper in Imperial China:
· Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures
A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation
· Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A. and Jefferson, G. (1974)
A Synthetic Speaker
Homer Dudley, R. Riesz, S. S. A. Watkins
A Tutorial on Hidden Markov Models and Selected Applications in Speech Recognition
Lawrence R. Rabiner
About Blissymbolics
Blissymbolics Communication International
About the API and Model Cards
Perspective API
About WordPress
· WordPress.org
Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing
Michael Armbrust
Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System
P. G. Selinger
Accounting in Proto-Cuneiform:
· Englund
Acoustic regularities in infant-directed speech and song across cultures
· Hilton, C. B., Moser, C. J., Bertolo, M.,
Activity Vocabulary / ActivityStreams 2.0, 2017
· W3C
ActivityPub Recommendation, 2018
· W3C
administrative grain account:
· Metropolitan Museum
Advanced Mobile Phone Service: Introduction, Background, and Objectives, Bell System Technical Journal, January 1979
W. Rae Young
AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents
Xiao Liu
Aldus Manutius and Renaissance publishing:
· Metropolitan Museum of Art
Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers collection:
· Library of Congress
algorithm
Algorithmic Arbitrariness in Content Moderation
Juan Felipe Gomez
Algorithmic Content Moderation: Technical and Political Challenges in the Automation of Platform Governance
Robert Gorwa, Reuben Binns, Christian Katzenbach
Alignment in Multimodal Interaction: An Integrative Framework
· Rasenberg, M., Özyürek, A. and Dingemanse, M. (2020)
Alphabets and language-specific information for SMS
· 3GPP TS 23.038 / GSM 03.38
AltaVista technical and operational papers collected in Digital Technical Journal and related publications
Louis Monier
Amazon S3 Strong Consistency
· AWS
An abstract drawing from the 73,000-year-old levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa
· Henshilwood, C. S
An Ill-Understood Effect of Induction: Submarine telegraphy made the ocean part of the network, but only by placing an enormous industrial system beneath it. Copper, gutta-percha, steel, ships, instruments, investors, landing rights and repair crews all had to cooperate. The message seemed to leap the Atlantic because thousands of tonnes of material and years of failed engineering were hidden below the interface. The 1858 cable is the topic’s best cautionary tale. It produced a valid historic transmission but not a durable communication service. Reliability, repairability and sustained throughput are therefore part of success, not footnotes added after the ceremonial first message. The cable also made infrastructure geopolitics unavoidable. Global reach depended on local landings, ownership and naval protection. The nineteenth-century network’s chokepoints remain recognisable in the fibre-optic world
Bruce J. Hunt
An Upper Palaeolithic Proto-writing System and Phenological Calendar
· Bacon, Bennett, Azadeh Khatiri, James Palmer, Tony Freeth, Paul Pettitt and Robert Kentridge
Analysis of a Very Large AltaVista Query Log, 1998
Craig Silverstein
Analytical Engine plans
· Computer History Museum
Analytical Engine trial model
· Science Museum Group
Ancestral Voices: Jesse Walter Fewkes Collection
· Library of Congress
Ancient Great Wall Building Materials Reveal Environmental and Technological Information
· Patalano, R.,
Ancient Naxi Dongba Literature Manuscripts
UNESCO Memory of the World
Ancient Seals and Modern Science:
· Penn Museum
ape gesture issues:
· Hobaiter
Apple Introduces the New iPhone 3G,
· Apple
Apple Launches iPhone 4S, iOS 5 and iCloud
· Apple
Apple Reinvents the Phone with iPhone,
· Apple
Apple Takes Podcasting Mainstream,
· Apple
Application Sandbox
· Android Open Source Project
archaeological ceramics:
· Getty Conservation Institute
Archaeology of Accounting and Schmandt-Besserat’s Contribution
· Mattessich, Richard
Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East
Nissen, Hans J., Peter Damerow, Robert K. Englund
Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One, W3C Recommendation, December 2004
Ian Jacobs, Norman Walsh
Archival arrangement and provenance:
· US National Archives
Archival Record-Keeping at Ebla 2400–2350 BC:
Oxford Academic
Archives, Records, and Power:
· Schwartz and Cook
ARES: An Automated Evaluation Framework for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems
Jon Saad-Falcon
Army Signal Corps Female Telephone Operators:
· Smithsonian National Museum of American History
Art Imitates Life: The Surprising Origins of Motion Capture
· National Science and Media Museum
Art of Akyns, Kyrgyz Epic Tellers
· UNESCO
Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework
· NIST
Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)
· NIST
Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile
· NIST
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
Stuart Russell, Peter Norvig
Asante royal spokesperson’s staff:
· Metropolitan Museum of Art
ASCII reference
· NIST
Ashurbanipal Library Project:
· ORACC
Aspects of Culture and Structure in Speech Surrogates
· James, L
Assembling the Integrated Data Store (IDS)
· Computer History Museum
At First Light
· Harry Ransom Center and Getty Conservation Institute
Atlantic cable route chart and attempts, 1856-1866:
· Science Museum Group
Attention Is All You Need
Ashish Vaswani
AudioLM: A Language Modeling Approach to Audio Generation
Zalán Borsos
Audrey, Alexa, Hal, and More
· Computer History Museum
Authentic Talking Cinema: The History of Documentary
· British Film Institute
Authoritative Sources in a Hyperlinked Environment, Journal of the ACM, 1999
Jon Kleinberg
Authorized Vocabulary and System Development
Blissymbolics Communication International
Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes
Diederik P. Kingma, Max Welling
Babylonian numerals:
· MacTutor
Baegun hwasang chorok buljo jikji simche yojeol:
UNESCO Memory of the World
Basic Archival Principles:
· The National Archives UK
BBSs, Usenet and IRC belong in one transitional family but remain separate architectures: local host-centred boards, federated persistent article propagation and synchronous channel-based chat. Their social differences follow directly from topology, persistence and timing
Before Writing
Zimansky, Paul. Review of Schmandt-Besserat
Before Writing, Volume I: From Counting to Cuneiform
· Schmandt-Besserat, Denise
Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Behind the Streams: Three Years of Live at Netflix, Part 1,
Netflix Technology Blog
Bell papers digitisation and experimental records: The telephone’s decisive change was conversational, not merely acoustic. Telegraphy moved statements rapidly. Telephony let distant people repair, negotiate and coordinate meaning while the situation was still unfolding. Voice restored timing, hesitation, emotion and identity cues that a conventional telegram flattened. Yet a speaking instrument was only the seed. Exchanges, operators, numbering, trunks and subscriber loops created the useful system. The switchboard operator was an early real-time router, translating a social request into a temporary physical path. The telephone therefore adds synchrony and session occupancy to the map. A network can carry many short messages efficiently yet struggle when every user wants a long live connection. Later digital and mobile systems inherit that tension between presence, capacity and accessibility
· Library of Congress
Bell timeline 1870-1879:
· Library of Congress
Berliner’s Gramophone
· Smithsonian National Museum of American History
Beyond Rational Imitation: Learning Arbitrary Means Actions from Communicative Demonstrations
· Király, I., Csibra, G. and Gergely, G. (2013)
Beyond Speech: Exploring Diversity in the Human Voice
· Anikin, A
Beyond the Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication
· NASA
Binary made many kinds of information look alike to machinery. Standards and software taught the machinery what the patterns were supposed to mean
Biological Mechanisms for Observational Learning
· Carcea, I. and Froemke, R. C. (2019)
Biological principles for music and mental health
· Bowling, D. L.,
Bisotun:
· UNESCO World Heritage Centre
BLEU: a Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation
Kishore Papineni
Blogs turned the Web page into an ongoing publication, while content-management systems turned publishing into a managed workflow. Their defining achievement was separating durable content from the many representations, templates and channels through which it could be distributed
Bone aerophones from Eynan-Mallaha indicate imitation of raptor calls by the last hunter-gatherers in the Levant
· Davin, L., Tejero, J.-M., Simmons, T.,
Border Cave and the Beginning of the Later Stone Age in South Africa
· Villa, Paola,
Brandon M. Stewart and Barbara E. Engelhardt, How Algorithmic Confounding in Recommendation Systems Increases Homogeneity and Decreases Utility, RecSys 2018
Allison J. B. Chaney
Brent Smith and Jeremy York, Amazon.com Recommendations: Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering, IEEE Internet Computing, 2003
Greg Linden
Bringing a New Voice to Genius—MITalk, the CallText 5010, and Stephen Hawking's Wheelchair
· Computer History Museum
British-American Relations and Atlantic cable attempts:
· Library of Congress
Bugle Calls
United States Army, Fort Stewart
Building a Better News Feed for You, 2016
· Meta
Burning with Desire: The Conception of Photography
Geoffrey Batchen
C2PA Technical Specification 2.4
· Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity
Calculators collection
· Computer History Museum
Camera Lucida
Roland Barthes
Can music foster learning? Effects of different text modalities
· Lehmann, J. A. M., and Seufert, T
Capturing Sound: How Technology Has Changed Music
Mark Katz
Caring for Cylinder Recordings
· Library of Congress
Causal Knowledge and Imitation/Emulation Switching in Chimpanzees and Children
· Horner, V. and Whiten, A. (2005)
Celebrating 10 Years of YouTube,
· YouTube
Celluloid and Photography, Part 3: The Beginnings of Cinema
· National Science and Media Museum
Centenary of the Telephone:
· ITU
Change the RSS Feed URL
Apple Podcasts for Creators
Channel Crossing from optical to electric:
Smithsonian Libraries
Chapar:
Encyclopaedia Iranica
Chappe telegraph research notes:
Musée des Arts et Métiers
Chapter 1
Unicode Standard
Characteristics of a Single-Mode Optical Fibre and Cable
ITU-T Recommendation G.652
Charles W. Bachman
· Computer History Museum
Chief S. O. Alonge: Photographer to the Royal Court of Benin, Nigeria
· Smithsonian National Museum of African Art
Children infer the behavioral contexts of unfamiliar foreign songs
· Hilton, C. B.,
Chinese numerals:
· MacTutor
Chinese writing and oracle bones:
· Smithsonian
Christians and the Codex: Generic Materiality and Early Gospel Traditions:
· Christians and the Codex: Generic Materiality and Early Gospel Traditions:
Christopher. Research report on scanning proto-literate accounting devices. Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures
· Woods
Classification:
· Library of Congress
Classifying and Comparing Early Writing Systems
Claude Chappe optical system:
Smithsonian Libraries
Claude Shannon thesis
MIT DSpace
Clay made language durable enough to outlive cities, but not neutral enough to tell us everything those cities once knew
Cloud Computing Synopsis and Recommendations
Lee Badger
Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity. C2PA Specifications Index
· Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity. C2PA Specifications Index
Cognitive Interdependence in Close Relationships
· Wegner, D. M., Giuliano, T. and Hertel, P. T. (1985)
Collata khipu:
Harvard SEAS
Colossus
· The National Museum of Computing
Communicating the News in Early Modern Europe:
· Cambridge University Press
Communications Satellites: Making the Global Village Possible
David J. Whalen
Compagnonnage, Network for On-the-Job Transmission of Knowledge and Identities
· UNESCO
Competition Reduces Response Times in Multiparty Conversation
· Holler, J. et al. (2021)
complaint tablet of Ea-nasir:
· British Museum
Comptometer
· Smithsonian
Comptometer instruction manual
· Smithsonian
Computer History and Heritage
· University of Manchester
Computer networking begins when independently operating hosts can exchange data and use remote resources through a managed communications system. ARPANET is the landmark operational network, not a synonym for packet switching or for the later Internet
Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company and IBM
· IBM
Confucian Printing Woodblocks in Korea:
UNESCO Memory of the World
Connectionist Temporal Classification: Labelling Unsegmented Sequence Data with Recurrent Neural Networks
Alex Graves
Conscious and Unconscious Memory Systems
· Squire, L. R. and Dede, A. J. O. (2015)
Conserving East Asian woodblock prints: Woodblock printing moved repetition out of the copyist’s hand and into a prepared page matrix. It made the first copy expensive and later copies comparatively cheap. That bargain reorganised labour, capital and authority around editions. Its importance does not depend on becoming movable type. The page block was exceptionally good at preserving integrated layouts, rare characters, calligraphic form and images. Stored blocks formed executable archives whose contents could return to circulation when patrons, markets or organisations demanded them. The topic therefore introduces three concepts that remain central throughout the map: matrix granularity, setup versus marginal cost, and reactivation. Every later reproduction system negotiates those variables, from metal type and stereotyping to offset plates and digital publication files
· British Museum
Conserving Papyrus:
· Library of Congress
Content Credentials
Content Authenticity Initiative
Content Moderation, AI, and the Question of Scale
Tarleton Gillespie
context in emotion perception:
· Barrett
Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage
· UNESCO
Conversation Analysis and Power: Examining the Descendants and Antecedents of Social Action
· Ekström, M. and Thelander, Å. (2023)
Conversation Analysis: A Method for Research into Interactions between Patients and Health-Care Professionals
· Drew, P., Chatwin, J. and Collins, S. (2001)
Cooke and Wheatstone five-needle telegraph, 1837:
· Science Museum Group
Coptic manuscript and binding resources:
· Metropolitan Museum
Copyright and Related Issues Relevant to Digital Preservation and Dissemination of Pre-1972 Commercial Sound Recordings
June M. Besek
Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions:
· Harvard Peabody Museum
Correspondence in pre-Islamic Persia:
Encyclopaedia Iranica
Counting, Sealing, Writing in Iran, 10000–300 BC
· Matthews, Roger
Creating False Memories: Remembering Words Not Presented in Lists
Roediger, H. L. III, McDermott, K. B. (1995)
CTSS Documents and CTSS Programmer’s Guide materials
MIT CSAIL
Cueva de las Manos, Río Pinturas
· UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Cultural evolution of music
· Savage, P. E
Cultural familiarity and individual musical taste differently affect social bonding when moving to music
· Stupacher, J.,
culture and emotion perception:
· Gendron
Cuneiform Texts volume:
· Metropolitan Museum
cylinder seal collection record and overview:
· British Museum
cylinder seal collection: The history of authentication is not a march from primitive seals to perfect signatures. It is the repeated construction of procedures that make identity and authority portable. Every authentication system answers four questions: who may act, what object is covered, how interference is detected and which institution will enforce the result. The central lesson is therefore procedural. A mark becomes trustworthy only inside a social machine of controlled use, custody, comparison, sanctions and memory. Authentication made administration scalable, but it also created gatekeepers capable of deciding whose identity counts. The topic belongs at the centre of the map’s governance layer
· British Museum
cylinder seals and transactions:
· Metropolitan Museum
Daily life and book formats:
International Dunhuang Programme
Daniel M. Romero and Fang Wu, Social Networks that Matter: Twitter Under the Microscope, 2008
Bernardo A. Huberman
Darangen Epic of the Maranao People of Lake Lanao
· UNESCO
Data Availability and Durability
Google Cloud Documentation
Dawes Review 5: Australian Aboriginal Astronomy and Navigation
Norris, R. P. (2016)
Dead Sea Scrolls material analysis study:
· Dead Sea Scrolls material analysis study:
Decay Happens: The Role of Active Forgetting in Memory
· Hardt, O., Nader, K. and Nadel, L. (2013)
Deep Speech 2: End-to-End Speech Recognition in English and Mandarin
Dario Amodei
Deep Speech: Scaling up End-to-End Speech Recognition
Awni Hannun
Deliberate Practice and Proposed Limits on the Effects of Practice on the Acquisition of Expert Performance
· Ericsson, K. A. and Harwell, K. W. (2019)
Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models
Jonathan Ho, Ajay Jain, Pieter Abbeel
Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering
Vladimir Karpukhin
Development of Social Learning and Play in BaYaka Hunter-Gatherers of Congo
· Salali, G. D. et al. (2019)
Development of the Phonograph at Alexander Graham Bell’s Volta Laboratory
· Smithsonian Institution
Devices That Accumulate and Group
· Overmann, Karenleigh A
Dialogues Across Time? Conceptualising the Temporal Dimensions of Palaeolithic Cave Art
· Wisher, I
Dielectric-Fibre Surface Waveguides for Optical Frequencies, Proceedings of the IEE, 1966
K. C. Kao, G. A. Hockham
Difference Engine No. 1
· Science Museum Group
Different Languages, Similar Encoding Efficiency: Comparable Information Rates across the Human Communicative Niche
· Coupé, C., Oh, Y. M., Dediu, D., and Pellegrino, F
Digital Machines
· Computer History Museum
Digital Preservation Program:
· US National Archives
Digital Services Act
European Union. Regulation (EU) 2022/2065
Digital Signature Standard:
· NIST
Diplomatic Courier Service:
· US State Department
Discovery and Reconstruction of the Remains of Beacon Signalling Structures along the Ming Great Wall
· Chen, Z.,
Documenting Zande Slit-Drums in South Sudan
Endangered Material Knowledge Programme
Does the Ishango Bone Indicate Knowledge of the Base 12?
· Pletser, Vladimir
Donald B. Keck and Peter C. Schultz, Corning low-loss optical fibre development, 1970; official Corning timeline
Robert D. Maurer
Donald Davies
· National Physical Laboratory
Double Ratchet and Sesame specifications
Signal Protocol Documentation: X3DH
Dream Pool Essays, movable type account translated in Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin, Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. 5 Part 1:
Shen Kuo
Drum and Whistle ‘Languages’: An Analysis of Speech Surrogates
· Stern, Theodore
duplicate accounts and identity labels:
· Urton
Early Development of Turn-Taking in Vocal Interaction between Mothers and Infants
· Gratier, M. et al. (2015)
Early Development of Turn-Taking with Parents Shapes Vocal Acoustics in Infant Marmoset Monkeys
· Takahashi, D. Y. et al. (2016)
Early Developmental Changes in the Timing of Turn-Taking: A Longitudinal Study of Mother-Infant Interaction
· Hilbrink, E. E., Gattis, M. and Levinson, S. C. (2015)
Early Evidence of San Material Culture Represented by Organic Artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa
early Mainz political and administrative printing:
· Library of Congress
early modern book production and distribution:
Universal Short Title Catalogue
Early modern newsbooks and corantos:
· Folger Shakespeare Library
Early Motion Picture Productions
· Library of Congress
early project page restored by W3C
· World Wide Web project
Edison Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze,
· Library of Congress
Edison’s Talking Machine
· Smithsonian National Museum of American History
Editorial: Surrogate Languages and the Grammar of Language-Based Music
· McPherson, Laura,
EDSAC and computing in Cambridge
· Whipple Museum
Effects of music on memory for text
· Purnell-Webb, P., and Speelman, C. P
Egyptian Christians, and the Adoption of the Codex:
Roman Tabulae
Egyptian mathematics resource:
· British Museum
Eight Years (And Counting) of Cloud Computing,
· AWS
Electronic Inventions and A-0
· Smithsonian
ELIZA - A Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man and Machine
Joseph Weizenbaum
Email creator Ray Tomlinson inducted into Internet Hall of Fame, 2012
Raytheon BBN Technologies
Email is not one program or protocol. It is a layered asynchronous service combining message syntax, envelope addressing, transfer, relaying, mailbox storage, retrieval and user interfaces. The address tells systems where to deliver, not necessarily who truly spoke
Emulation, Imitation, Over-Imitation and the Scope of Culture for Child and Chimpanzee
· Whiten, A. et al. (2009)
Encoding Specificity and Retrieval Processes in Episodic Memory
· Tulving, E. and Thomson, D. M. (1973)
Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, Yam:
· Atwood
Endogenous oxytocin, cortisol, and testosterone in response to group singing
· Bowling, D. L.,
ENIAC
· University of Pennsylvania Engineering
ENIAC at 75
Penn Today
Environmental and Linguistic Typology of Whistled Languages
· Meyer, Julien
Episodic and Semantic Memory
· Tulving, E. (1972)
Episodic-Like Memory during Cache Recovery by Scrub Jays
· Clayton, N. S. and Dickinson, A. (1998)
ERA Magnetic Storage Systems
· Computer History Museum
Essential Records Guide:
· US National Archives
Etched in Stone: First, There Was the Word
· Library of Congress
Ethiopian Healing Scrolls:
· Metropolitan Museum
Evaluating the Evidence for Lunar Calendars in Upper Palaeolithic Parietal Art
Nowell, April, Paul Bahn, Jean-Loïc Le Quellec
Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Lachmann’s Method:
· Trovato
Everything you ever wanted to know about the Rosetta Stone:
· British Museum
Evidence for a Dual-Process Account of Over-Imitation
· Schleihauf, H. and Hoehl, S. (2021)
Evolutionary Neuroscience of Cumulative Culture
· Stout, D. and Hecht, E. E. (2017)
Expanding Overseas and Acquiring Capital
· Sony Group
Experimental and Theoretical Advances in Prosody: A Review
· Wagner, M., and Watson, D. G
Experimental Evidence for the Co-Evolution of Hominin Tool-Making Teaching and Language
Morgan, T. J. H.
Experimental Models for Testing Hypotheses about Cumulative Cultural Evolution
· Caldwell, C. A. and Millen, A. E. (2008)
Explainer
· Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity
Explanation of Binary Arithmetic
Leibniz Translations
Explore the Rosetta Stone:
· British Museum
Exploring the utility of Geometric Morphometrics to analyse Palaeolithic hand stencils
· Fernández Navarro, V
Exposing DeepFake Videos By Detecting Face Warping Artifacts
Yuezun Li, Siwei Lyu
Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol: Core
· RFC 6120
Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol: Instant Messaging and Presence
· RFC 6121
Extra-Terrestrial Relays
Arthur C. Clarke
Extracting Training Data from Large Language Models
Nicholas Carlini
Fabriano Paper in Collections:
· Library of Congress
Facebook Gets a Facelift, 5 September 2006
FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Images
Andreas Rössler
Farnsworth's Electronic Television
· IEEE History Center
Fear Memories Require Protein Big-picture essays in the Amygdala for Reconsolidation after Retrieval
· Nader, K., Schafe, G. E. and LeDoux, J. E. (2000)
Featured Artwork: Ukara and Nsibidi
· Smithsonian National Museum of African Art
federation and room-state exchange
Matrix Server-Server API
Feedback for Promoting Motor Skill Learning in Physical Education: A Trial Sequential Meta-Analysis
· Zhou, Y. et al. (2022)
Feeling the beat: temporal predictability is associated with musical emotion
· Singer, N.,
Fibre Gets Real with Single-Mode Fibre Development, including early operational-system milestones
· Corning
Film and Attraction: From Kinematography to Cinema
André Gaudreault
Film Storage White Paper
· Library of Congress
Fire and Smoke: Ethnographic and Archaeological Evidence for Line-of-Sight Signaling in North America
· Beers, Ward
First COBOL compilers
· Computer History Museum
First Photograph to Travel to Europe for First Time in 50 Years,
· Harry Ransom Center
First telegraph message paper tape, 24 May 1844:
· Library of Congress
First Transatlantic Telegraph Cable:
· Library of Congress
FM Radio Stations, 1936 to 1947
· Federal Communications Commission
Forest Products and Paper Manufacturing:
· Smithsonian National Postal Museum
FORTRAN
· IBM
FOXP2
· Nudel, R., and Newbury, D. F
FOXP2 as a Molecular Window into Speech and Language
· Fisher, S. E., and Scharff, C
Frances Allen
· IBM
French coastal semaphore handbook and key: Optical telegraphy is the first modern network in this map because its intelligence lies between the towers as much as in them. A tower without a visible neighbour is a stranded device. A route without operators is silent. Operators without code procedures cannot create a service. The network is a coordinated institution built on top of landscapes and human attention. Its famous speed was real but conditional. Weather, operating hours, message length, traffic priority, decoding and final delivery all shaped the user’s experience. This distinction between signal propagation and service latency becomes essential for every later telecommunications topic. The optical telegraph therefore deserves Core status. It established coded relay, network topology, controlled access and infrastructure-based command before electricity. Electrical telegraphy did not invent the idea of a telecommunications network. It removed some of the sky’s vetoes
· Royal Museums Greenwich
From Accounting to Writing
· Schmandt-Besserat, Denise
From Animal to Art: The Story of Parchment:
· Metropolitan Museum
From Herman Hollerith to IBM
· Smithsonian
From Nightingale to Narcissus
· National Science and Media Museum
From Number Sense to Number Symbols: An Archaeological Perspective
From Semaphore to Satellite:
· ITU
From stone to silicon:
International Journal on Digital Libraries
From tally marks to modern computers
United States Census Bureau
From the Recording Registry: Phonautograms
· Library of Congress
GAIA: A Benchmark for General AI Assistants
Grégoire Mialon
Generative Adversarial Nets
Ian Goodfellow
Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior
Joon Sung Park
Gesar Epic Tradition
· UNESCO
Girnar Edict collection record:
· National Museum India
Global musical diversity is largely independent of linguistic and genetic histories
· Passmore, S., Wood, A. L. C., Barbieri, C.,
Global Satellite Communications Technology and Systems
J. N. Pelton
Globally, songs and instrumental melodies are slower, higher, and use more stable pitches than speech
· Ozaki, Y.,
Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape
· UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips
· Sparrow, B., Liu, J. and Wegner, D. M. (2011)
Grace Murray Hopper Collection
· Smithsonian
Graphical Symbols, ISO/TC 145
· International Organization for Standardization
GroupLens: An Open Architecture for Collaborative Filtering of Netnews, CSCW 1994
Paul Resnick
Guide to the Still Picture Branch Holdings
· US National Archives
Guidelines for Secure AI System Development
· National Cyber Security Centre
Gutenberg Bible background and earlier Korean movable metal type:
· Library of Congress
Gutenberg’s typefounding and printing process:
· Library of Congress
Handover Procedures
· 3GPP TS 23.009
Handover Procedures
ETSI TS 123 009 V15.0.0
Handwritten Notations
· Overmann, Karenleigh A
Hash-Sharing Database
· Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism
hermeneutics:
Stanford Encyclopedia
Herodotus Histories 5.52 Royal Road stations:
· Perseus
Herodotus Histories 8.98 couriers:
· Perseus
Hezhen Yimakan Storytelling
· UNESCO
High-Resolution Image Big-picture essays with Latent Diffusion Models
Robin Rombach
Historic Radio and TV Sports Recordings
· Library of Congress
Historical Highlights: ITU and Radiocommunication
International Telecommunication Union
historical milestones in commercial lightwave communication and TAT-8
Bell Labs
Histories
· Polybius
histories of collodion, gelatin dry plates and industrial photography
· National Science and Media Museum
History
Dartmouth Time Sharing System
History
· WordPress.org
History of Commercial Radio
· Federal Communications Commission
History of Communications and the Congruence Engine
· Science Museum Group Journal
History of FORTRAN paper
· Computer History Museum
History of Printing in Asia:
· Library of Congress
History of raising the alarm and operator-assisted calls:
· Smithsonian National Museum of American History
History of Struggle: The Global Story of Community Broadcasting Practices
Gretchen King
History of the Cylinder Phonograph
· Library of Congress
History of The Gazette from 1665:
The Gazette
History:
Universal Postal Union
Hobbyist Computerized Bulletin Board System, BYTE, November 1978
Ward Christensen, Randy Suess
Hollerith Machine
United States Census Bureau
Hollerith tabulator
· Smithsonian
Homemade Crystal Set Radio Receiver with Headphones
· Science Museum Group
How chanting relates to cognitive function, altered states and quality of life
· Perry, G.,
How Children Come to Understand False Beliefs: A Shared Intentionality Account
· Tomasello, M. (2018)
How Do Hunter-Gatherer Children Learn Subsistence Skills? A Meta-Ethnographic Review
· Lew-Levy, S. et al. (2017)
How Does News Feed Predict What You Want to See?, 2021
· Meta
How Does the Human Body Produce Voice and Speech?
· National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
How Meta Enforces Its Policies
· Meta Transparency Center
How the Transistor Radio Fueled a Teenage Social Revolution
Smithsonian Magazine
How to Time-Stamp a Digital Document
Stuart Haber, W. Scott Stornetta
How to Write Cuneiform
· British Museum
HTTP Live Streaming
Roger Pantos, William May, RFC 8216
human interaction engine:
· Heesen
Human Memory: A Proposed System and Its Control Processes
· Atkinson, R. C. and Shiffrin, R. M. (1968)
Human Teaching and Cumulative Cultural Evolution
· Caldwell, C. A. et al. (2018)
Hyakumantō Darani and early Japanese printing:
· Cambridge University Press
IBM/BellSouth Simon Personal Communicator
· Computer History Museum
iconicity:
· Perniss and Vigliocco
Identifying Potential Palaeolithic Artificial Memory Systems via Spatial Statistics: Implications for the Origin of Quantification
· Courtenay, Lloyd Austin, Francesco d’Errico, Rafael Núñez and Damián E. Blasi
IEEE Communications historical account noting NTT’s 1979 automated commercial cellular network; supporting chronology
Imagen Video: High Definition Video Generation with Diffusion Models
Jonathan Ho
Impressed by Light: British Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840–1860
· Metropolitan Museum of Art
Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-Training
Alec Radford
In the Beginning: Cinema’s Murky Origin Story
· British Film Institute
Incunabula and earlier printing traditions:
· Library of Congress
Incunabula collections and early European print:
· British Library
Incunabula Short Title Catalogue:
Consortium of European Research Libraries
Incunabula:
· Library of Congress
Indian numerals:
· MacTutor
Individual Differences in Emoji Comprehension: Gender, Age and Culture
· Chen, Y
Industry Leaders Announce Open Platform for Mobile Devices,
Open Handset Alliance
infant gesture and language:
· Colonnesi
Infants relax in response to unfamiliar foreign lullabies
· Bainbridge, C. M., Bertolo, M., Youngers, J.,
Information Management System
· IBM
Information Management: A Proposal, CERN, March 1989
Tim Berners-Lee
Information Transmission and the Oral Tradition: Evidence of a Late-Life Service Niche for Tsimane Amerindians
· Schniter, E., Wilcox, N. T., Beheim, B. A., Kaplan, H. S. and Gurven, M. (2018)
Inka Road:
· Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian
Inkawasi khipu archive:
· Urton and Chu
Inscribing Meaning: Writing and Graphic Systems in African Art
· Smithsonian National Museum of African Art
Inscription Collections including the Bairat Edict:
· Asiatic Society
Instant Messaging / Presence Protocol Requirements, February 2000
· RFC 2779
Integer ratio priors on musical rhythm revealed cross-culturally by iterated reproduction
· Jacoby, N., and McDermott, J. H
Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions/Folklore
· World Intellectual Property Organization
Intelligent Agents: Theory and Practice
Michael Wooldridge, Nicholas R. Jennings
Interdependence of Episodic and Semantic Memory: Evidence from Neuropsychology
· Greenberg, D. L. and Verfaellie, M. (2010)
Interfaces for the Optical Transport Network
ITU-T Recommendation G.709
International Telegraph Conference, Paris 1865:
· ITU
Internet History of the 1960s
· Computer History Museum
Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Time-Stamp Protocol
· RFC 3161
Interpreting Prehistoric Artifacts
· Overmann, Karenleigh A
Interview of Donald Davies
· Computer History Museum
Into the Past: A Step Towards a Robust Kimberley Rock Art Chronology
· Ross, J
Introduction to DTSS
· Dartmouth
Introduction to Information Retrieval
Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan, Hinrich Schütze
Inventing the Transistor
· Computer History Museum
Invention of the Telegraph:
· Library of Congress
IRC History
Jarkko Oikarinen
Is the Deliberate Practice View Defensible? A Review of Evidence and Discussion of Issues
· Hambrick, D. Z., Macnamara, B. N. and Oswald, F. L. (2020)
ISO 7001:2023: Graphical Symbols — Registered Public Information Symbols
· International Organization for Standardization
ISO 9186-1:2014: Graphical Symbols — Test Methods
· International Organization for Standardization
iTunes Podcast Subscriptions Top One Million in First Two Days,
· Apple
It’s Time to Talk About Money
· Cunliffe, Jon
Jay Adams and Emre Sargin, Deep Neural Networks for YouTube Recommendations, RecSys 2016
Paul Covington
Jeffrey Dean and Urs Hölzle, Web Search for a Planet: The Google Cluster Architecture, 2003
Luiz André Barroso
Jesse Walter Fewkes Passamaquoddy field-recording essay
· Library of Congress
Jikji Memory of the World Prize and historical overview:
· Jikji Memory of the World Prize and historical overview:
Jim Gray: A.M. Turing Award Laureate
· ACM
John Backus
· IBM
John Logie Baird and the Invention of Television
· Science Museum Group
Kallimachos and the Origins of Bibliography:
· Blum
Khipu field and structural variation research overview:
· Khipu field and structural variation research overview:
khipu keepers and colonial records:
Harvard Gazette
Kondoa Rock-Art Sites
· UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics
· Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee
Language as a Multimodal Phenomenon: Implications for Language Learning, Processing and Evolution
· Vigliocco, G., Perniss, P., and Vinson, D
Language Models are Few-Shot Learners
Tom B. Brown
Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners
Alec Radford
Learning to Count Begins in Infancy: Evidence from 18-Month-Olds’ Visual Preferences
· Slaughter, Virginia,
Learning to Speak Fluently in a Foreign Language: Multilingual Speech Big-picture essays and Cross-Language Voice Cloning
Yu Zhang
Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision
Alec Radford
Leibniz and Curta
· Computer History Museum
Letters and Letter Writing:
· Metropolitan Museum of Art
Let’s dance together: synchrony, shared intentionality and cooperation
· Reddish, P., Fischer, R., and Bulbulia, J
Leveraging Passage Retrieval with Generative Models for Open Domain Question Answering
Gautier Izacard, Edouard Grave
Library of Ashurbanipal:
· British Museum
Library of Congress Preservation Directorate:
· Library of Congress Preservation Directorate:
Library Quarterly:
The Pinakes of Callimachus
Library Reference Model:
· IFLA
Licensing the Web: public releases of Web software, including the 30 April 1993 statement
· CERN
Living Pictographs
· Library of Congress
Living Pictures: The Origins of the Movies
Deac Rossell
Location Management Procedures
· 3GPP TS 23.012
Logic and Conversation
Grice, H. P. (1975)
Long-Lasting Potentiation of Synaptic Transmission in the Dentate Area of the Anaesthetized Rabbit Following Stimulation of the Perforant Path
· Bliss, T. V. P. and Lømo, T. (1973)
Loss of Recent Memory after Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions
· Scoville, W. B. and Milner, B. (1957)
Lost in the Middle: How Language Models Use Long Contexts
Nelson F. Liu
Lost Manuscripts and Extinct Texts:
· Camps and Randon-Furling
Low-Noise Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplifier Operating at 1.54 µm, Electronics Letters, 1987
R. J. Mears
Lucy E. Terminological discussion of tokens, sealings and envelopes in recent administrative archaeology. See [S07] and Matthews [S19]
· Bennison-Chapman
Magnetic Disk Storage: A Personal Memoir
Louis D. Stevens Jr
Magnetic Drums
· Computer History Museum
Magnetic Tape
· Computer History Museum
Magnetic Tape
· IBM
Majlis, a Cultural and Social Space
· UNESCO
Make Room for TV: Television and the Family Ideal in Postwar America
Lynn Spigel
Make-A-Video: Text-to-Video Generation without Text-Video Data
Uriel Singer
Making cuneiform tablets:
· British Museum
Managing the Radio-Frequency Spectrum for the World
International Telecommunication Union
Manual on Oral Traditions and Expressions
· UNESCO
manuscript survival and colophons:
Nature Humanities, Social Sciences Communications
Many People, One System and early time-sharing communication
· Computer History Museum
Marking Out New Spaces
Paul Clark
Material Evidence in Incunabula database:
Material Evidence in Incunabula database:
mathematics and accounting in the Andes:
· Urton
mathematics:
Yale Babylonian Collection
Matobo Hills
· UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Maya calendar and numbers:
· Smithsonian
Maya Decipherment resources:
Maya Decipherment resources:
Maya mathematics:
· MacTutor
Medieval Copying and Scribal Interference:
Leiden Medievalists
Memory & Storage: Timeline of Computer History
· Computer History Museum
Memory and Brain Systems: 1969–2009
Squire, L. R. (2009)
Memory and Common Ground Processes in Language Use
· Brown-Schmidt, S. and Duff, M. C. (2016)
Memory Consolidation
· Squire, L. R., Genzel, L., Wixted, J. T. and Morris, R. G. M. (2015)
Memory: A Century of Consolidation
McGaugh, J. L. (2000)
Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology
· Ebbinghaus, H. (1885/1913)
Memory: Selling the Computer Revolution
· Computer History Museum
Mesopotamia, 8000–2000 B.C
· Met Museum
Met cuneiform tablet overview:
· Met cuneiform tablet overview:
Met cuneiform texts PDF:
· Met cuneiform texts PDF:
Metropolitan Museum of Art. Proto-cuneiform administrative objects and collection entries
· Metropolitan Museum of Art. Proto-cuneiform administrative objects and collection entries
Metropolitan Museum of Art. Studies on Egyptian hieroglyphic phonetic and determinative functions
· Metropolitan Museum of Art. Studies on Egyptian hieroglyphic phonetic and determinative functions
Microbial diversity and secondary metabolism potential in Lascaux Cave
· Bontemps, Z
Micropub Recommendation, 2017
· W3C
Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa
· Henshilwood, C. S
Mike West and Martijn Koster, RFC 9309: Robots Exclusion Protocol, September 2022, formalising the 1994 convention
Martin Thomson
Mirror galvanometer for the transatlantic telegraph, 1858:
· Science Museum Group
Mitigating threats to Rock Art Heritage in Zimbabwe
· UNESCO World Heritage Centre
MLAgentBench: Evaluating Language Agents on Machine Learning Experimentation
Qian Huang
Money Gallery: Large Print Guide, Room 68
· British Museum
Mongol Tuuli, Mongolian Epic
· UNESCO
More Than Words: Word Predictability, Prosody, Gesture and Mouth Movements in Natural Language Comprehension
· Zhang, Y
Morse-Vail Telegraph Key:
· Smithsonian National Museum of American History
movable metal type and printing analysis:
Jikji Global
Movement synchrony forges social bonds across group divides
· Tunçgenç, B., and Cohen, E
Mr. Watson, Come Here and Bell notebook:
· Library of Congress
Multics: The First Seven Years
· F. J. Corbató, J. H. Saltzer and C. T. Clingen
Multimodal Assemblies for Prefacing a Dispreferred Response: A Cross-Linguistic Analysis
· Pekarek Doehler, S. et al. (2021)
multimodal origins and gesture:
· Pouw and Fuchs
multimodality and novel communication:
· Fay
Music and social bonding: ‘self-other’ merging and neurohormonal mechanisms
· Tarr, B., Launay, J., and Dunbar, R. I. M
Music as a coevolved system for social bonding
· Savage, P. E., Loui, P., Tarr, B.,
Music-based memory enhancement in Alzheimer’s disease
· Simmons-Stern, N. R.,
Musical mnemonics in cognitively unimpaired individuals and people with cognitive impairment
· Derks-Dijkman, M. W.,
MusicLM: Generating Music From Text
Andrea Agostinelli
Name Authority Cooperative Program:
· Library of Congress
Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago
· Oktaviana, A. A
National Defense Test, September 12, 1924
· Library of Congress
National Film Preservation
· Library of Congress
National Recording Preservation Plan
· Library of Congress
Native American Heritage Month: Bringing Native Voices to Light
· Library of Congress
Natural Pedagogy as Evolutionary Adaptation
· Csibra, G. and Gergely, G. (2011)
Natural TTS Big-picture essays by Conditioning WaveNet on Mel Spectrogram Predictions
Jonathan Shen
Nature of the Book:
· Smithsonian
Network Architecture, specification record and ETSI publication
· 3GPP TS 23.002
Neural Machine Translation and Sequence-to-sequence Models: A Tutorial
Graham Neubig
Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate
Dzmitry Bahdanau, Kyunghyun Cho, Yoshua Bengio
Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units
Rico Sennrich, Barry Haddow, Alexandra Birch
Neural overlap in processing music and speech
· Peretz, I., Vuvan, D., Lagrois, M.-É., and Armony, J. L
Newspaper and periodical printing history: Pamphlets and serials changed print’s relationship with time. A book could aim to endure. A newspaper had to arrive before its information spoiled. A periodical promised not finality but return. The next issue became part of the current issue’s meaning. That recurring rhythm created publics who inhabited shared update cycles. It also created production systems that could never finish. Editors needed another page, another headline and another reason for readers to come back. Attention became renewable revenue, while deadlines made uncertainty expensive. The topic is therefore a crucial ancestor of broadcasting, online news and algorithmic feeds. The technologies change, but the structural bargain remains recognisable: faster updates and wider awareness in exchange for compressed verification, recurring distraction and an information system permanently hungry for what happened next
· Library of Congress
NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Fang Liu
Non-Attentive Tacotron: Robust and Controllable Neural TTS Big-picture essays Including Unsupervised Duration Modeling
Jonathan Shen
Nonlinear Fiber Optics, source lineage for dispersion and nonlinear propagation; technical claims in this research notes are anchored primarily to standards and original papers
G. P. Agrawal
Not Just Counters: Clay Tokens and Ritual Materiality in the Ancient Near East
· Rowan, Yorke M
Notifications
Apple Human Interface Guidelines
numbers:
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Numerical and Metrological Graphemes:
· Proust
Object Lifecycle Management
Google Cloud Documentation
Objectivity
Lorraine Daston, Peter Galison
Observing Sociocultural Activity on Three Planes: Participatory Appropriation, Guided Participation, and Apprenticeship
· Rogoff, B. (1995)
Old Assyrian caravan account: The courier is the simplest complete long-distance communication network embodied in one person. The carrier transports the object, protects custody, proves access, interprets context and can bring feedback home. That integration makes courier communication flexible but difficult to scale. Organised postal systems emerge by decomposing the courier’s job into routes, stations, schedules, handoffs, addresses and rules. Yet the courier never disappears. Every physical network still ends in a human or machine agent that crosses the final gap to the recipient
· Metropolitan Museum of Art
Old Assyrian private letter and trade context:
· Metropolitan Museum of Art
Old Assyrian private letter:
· Metropolitan Museum of Art
Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi
· Brumm, A
On Distributed Communications I: Introduction to Distributed Communications Networks
Paul Baran
On Distributed Communications VIII: The Multiplexing Station
Paul Baran
On the Antiquity of Language: The Reinterpretation of Neandertal Linguistic Capacities and Its Consequences
· Dediu, D., and Levinson, S. C
On the Context-Free Ambiguity of Emoji
· Czestochowska, Justyna
On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots
Emily M. Bender
On the Early Days of Usenet, based on accounts and early documents
Ronda Hauben
One-to-One Correspondence Without Language
· Koopman, Sarah E., Alyssa M. Arre, Steven T. Piantadosi and Jessica F. Cantlon
Online
Only Connect: A Cultural History of Broadcasting in the United States
Michele Hilmes
Open Khipu Repository:
Open Khipu Repository:
OpenASR20: An Open Challenge for Automatic Speech Recognition of Conversational Telephone Speech
· NIST
OpenASR21: The Second Open Challenge for Automatic Speech Recognition for Low-Resource Languages
· NIST
OpenSAT 2020 Evaluation Plan
· NIST
Operational Considerations for Streaming Media
· IETF, RFC 9317
Optimizing song retention through the spacing effect
· Katz, J. J.,
Optimizing the Netflix Streaming Experience with Data Science,
Netflix Technology Blog
Optogenetic Stimulation of a Hippocampal Engram Activates Fear Memory Recall
· Liu, X. et al. (2012)
Oral Tradition and Book Culture
· Jajdelska, E. and colleagues, eds
Oral Tradition as History
· Vansina, J. (1985)
Oral Traditions and Expressions, Including Language as a Vehicle of the Intangible Cultural Heritage
· UNESCO
Oral Traditions as Collective Memories: Implications for a General Theory of Individual and Collective Memory
Rubin, D. C. (2009)
Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word
Ong, W. J. (1982)
Orbital Debris: A Technical Assessment
National Academies
original XMPP Instant Messaging and Presence standard, October 2004
· RFC 3921
Origins and Development of the Card Catalog:
· Library of Congress
origins and development of writing:
· British Library
Origins of music in credible signaling
· Mehr, S. A., Krasnow, M. M., Bryant, G. A., and Hagen, E. H
Our History
· Intelsat
Our Origins
· AWS
Packet Switching: The First Steps on the Road to the Information Society
· NPL
Palimpsests: The art of medieval recycling:
· British Library
Paper made information light enough to circulate everywhere and cheap enough to become both a public resource and an administrative flood
Paper:
Smithsonian Folklife Festival
Papermaking: A Rags to Riches Story:
· Library of Congress
Papyrus 2041 parchment codex leaves:
· British Library
Papyrus and parchment manuscript collections:
· British Library
Papyrus fragment from Homer’s Odyssey:
· Metropolitan Museum
Papyrus in Ancient Egypt:
· Metropolitan Museum
Papyrus-Making in Egypt:
· Metropolitan Museum
Parallel Tacotron 2: A Non-Autoregressive Neural TTS Model with Differentiable Duration Modeling
Isaac Elias
Pascaline
Musée des Arts et Métiers
Payments Through Time: Wooden Tally Stick
· Bank of England Museum
Per-Title Encode Optimization,
Netflix Technology Blog
Perception of Nigerian Dùndún Talking Drum Performances as Speech-Like versus Music-Like
· Durojaye, Cecilia,
Perfecting Sound Forever
Greg Milner
Performance Praxis and Oral Tradition
Fine, E. C. (2003)
persistence
Philo Farnsworth
Encyclopaedia Britannica
Phonautograms,
· Library of Congress, National Recording Preservation Board
Phones Get Smart
· Computer History Museum
PhotoDNA
· Microsoft
Physics-based model to predict the acoustic detection distance of terrestrial autonomous recording units over the diel cycle and across seasons
· Haupert, Sylvain,
Pictures of Sound: One Thousand Years of Educed Audio, 980–1980
Patrick Feaster
Picturing Time: The Work of Étienne-Jules Marey
Marta Braun
Pigment characterisation in Australian rock art: a review of analytical methods
· Stuart, B. H. and Thomas, P. S
Plugins
· WordPress.org Documentation
Podcast Namespace Introduction
· Podcasting 2.0
Podcast RSS Feed Requirements
Apple Podcasts for Creators
Pooling the Ground: Understanding and Coordination in Collective Sense Making
· Rączaszek-Leonardi, J., Dębska, A. and Sochanowicz, A. (2014)
Portable art from Pleistocene Sulawesi
· Langley, M. C
Portable Radios and the Creation of the Mobile Media Experience
Matthew M. Cohen
Portsmouth-to-Admiralty semaphore line documents:
· Science Museum Group
Postal Systems in the Pre-Modern Islamic World:
· Silverstein
Powered by AI: Instagram’s Explore Recommender System, 2019
Meta Engineering
Pre-1865 International Telegraph Agreements:
· ITU
Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde
· UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Prehistoric ‘Book-Keeping’ Continued Long After Invention of Writing
· University of Cambridge
preservation guidance for photographic and archival records
· US National Archives
Preservation of Motion Picture Film
· Library of Congress
Presidential Election of 1920
· Library of Congress
Printing and movable type in East Asia: Movable type transformed the page from a durable carved object into a temporary arrangement of reusable signs. That improved correction and recombination, but only by creating a demanding inventory system. Every character had to exist in sufficient quantity, occupy a known location, maintain printing height and return home after use. East Asian history makes the topic analytically valuable because it defeats technological inevitability. Movable type did not automatically erase woodblocks, and its social consequences were not prewritten inside the invention. Script, genre, patronage, labour, run size, image requirements and reprint strategy determined the balance. The true system was therefore larger than the sort. It included repertoire design, storage, retrieval, composition, proofing, impression and distribution back into inventory. This is the first printing technology in the map whose central bottleneck resembles a database query: the page can be recomposed only when the system can find the signs it knows it owns
· Columbia University Asia for Educators
Printing Woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana:
UNESCO Memory of the World
Privately Dedicated Obelisks and Monumental Context:
· Getty
Processing rhythm in speech and music: shared mechanisms and implications
· Fiveash, A., Bedoin, N., Gordon, R. L., and Tillmann, B
Product and Technology Milestones: Radio
· Sony Group
Programming with punched cards
· Library of Congress
Promoting Quality Apprenticeships in the Informal Economy
· International Labour Organization
Proposal for Encoding Emoji Symbols
Unicode Consortium
Propositional Logic
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Protection and the Control of Information Sharing in Multics
J. H. Saltzer
Proto-Cuneiform Account-Books and Journals
· Englund, Robert K
PROV-DM: The PROV Data Model
· W3C
PROV-O: The PROV Ontology
· W3C
Public Service Broadcasting: A Best Practices Sourcebook
· UNESCO
Punch Cards spotlight
· Smithsonian
Punched card tabulator
· IBM
Punched cards for Babbage's Analytical Engine
· Science Museum Group
Qualities of music-evoked autobiographical memories
· Nawaz, S.,
quipu accounting systems:
· Harvard Library
Radio 100: The Invention of the Transistor Radio
· National Film and Sound Archive of Australia
Radio Acquisitions and Office of War Information Collection
· Library of Congress
Radio as a Tool of Empire
Vincent Kuitenbrouwer
Radio in Africa
Richard Heinze
Radio Preservation Task Force: Caucus on Radio Journalism
· Library of Congress
Radio Regulations
International Telecommunication Union
Radio, Television and Modern Life
Paddy Scannell
RAGAS: Automated Evaluation of Retrieval Augmented Generation
Shahul Es
RAMAC
· IBM
RDBMS Plenary 1: Early Years
· Computer History Museum
ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models
Shunyu Yao
Reading the Library of Ashurbanipal project: The library’s decisive innovation is not possession but addressable plurality. Many works can coexist because the institution creates rules for selecting, distinguishing, placing and retrieving them. The catalogue then becomes a second-order communication system: a compact description of a much larger knowledge space. This topic is a direct ancestor of search, metadata and knowledge graphs. It also exposes a recurring danger. Whoever defines the catalogue’s names and categories shapes what users can find. The library broadens memory, but the catalogue governs the doors through which that memory is entered
· British Museum
REALM: Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Pre-Training
Kelvin Guu
Reconsidering ‘Tokens’: The Neolithic Origins of Accounting or Multifunctional, Utilitarian Tools?
· Bennison-Chapman, Lucy E
Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction: An Example of the Interaction between Language and Memory
· Loftus, E. F. and Palmer, J. C. (1974)
Recorded Accounts of Meteoritic Events in the Oral Traditions of Indigenous Australians
Hamacher, D. W. (2014)
Records Basics
· US National Archives
Records in Contexts foundations:
· International Council on Archives
Records in Contexts: Archives are technologies of temporal accountability. They keep organisations from resetting their memory whenever personnel change and give later users evidence with which to reconstruct actions. Their power comes from context, not merely longevity. A tablet without provenance may be readable yet evidentially weak; a modest memo inside a complete file may reveal an entire decision process. The archive also teaches the map a harder lesson: preservation is always selective. Information history must track not only what survived but the procedures, interests and accidents that produced survival. Archives externalise institutional memory, and in doing so they externalise institutional forgetting as well
· International Council on Archives
Records life cycle profile:
· US National Archives
Recurrent Neural Network Based Language Model
Tomas Mikolov
Rediscovery of Traditional Ecological Knowledge as Adaptive Management
· Berkes, F., Colding, J. and Folke, C. (2000)
Reduced stress, cortisol and enhanced social connection following group chanting
· Perry, G.,
Reducing Risks Posed by Synthetic Content
· NIST
References,
· DASH Industry Forum
Reformation pamphlets and print culture:
· British Library
Regency Model TR-1 Transistor Radio
· Smithsonian Institution
Relay 1 Communications Satellite
· Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
Remembering Can Cause Forgetting: Retrieval Dynamics in Long-Term Memory
· Anderson, M. C., Bjork, R. A. and Bjork, E. L. (1994)
Remembering the Past to Imagine the Future: The Prospective Brain
· Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R. and Buckner, R. L. (2007)
Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology
Bartlett, F. C. (1932)
Repetition Without Repetition: Challenges in Understanding Behavioral Flexibility in Motor Skill
Latash, M. L. (2020)
Retaining Multiple Versions of Objects with S3 Versioning
AWS Documentation
Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks
Patrick Lewis
Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey
Yunfan Gao
Retrieval-Augmented Generation for NLP
Sebastian Riedel
Revealing the (Corrupt) Record in 14th-Century Ireland
· The National Archives, United Kingdom
Revisiting Human-Agent Communication: The Importance of Joint Co-Construction and Understanding Mental States
· Kopp, S. and Krämer, N. C. (2021)
RFC 1009: Requirements for Internet Gateways
Robert Braden, Jon Postel
RFC 1036: Standard for Interchange of USENET Messages, December 1987
Mark Horton, Rick Adams
RFC 1122: Requirements for Internet Hosts - Communication Layers, October 1989
Robert Braden
RFC 1160: Internet Activities Board
Vint Cerf
RFC 1459: Internet Relay Chat Protocol, May 1993
Jarkko Oikarinen, Darren Reed
RFC 1462 / FYI 25: A Status Report on Networked Information Retrieval, May 1993
Jill Foster
RFC 1630: Universal Resource Identifiers in WWW, June 1994
Tim Berners-Lee
RFC 1866: Hypertext Markup Language 2.0, November 1995
Tim Berners-Lee, Dan Connolly
RFC 196: A Mail Box Protocol, July 1971
Richard Watson
RFC 1: Host Software, 7 April 1969
Steve Crocker
RFC 2555: 30 Years of RFCs, April 1999
RFC Editor
RFC 2810: Internet Relay Chat: Architecture, April 2000
Christophe Kalt
RFC 4287, The Atom Syndication Format, 2005
· IETF
RFC 46: ARPA Network Protocol Notes, April 1970
E. Meyer
RFC 5023, The Atom Publishing Protocol, 2007
· IETF
RFC 561: Standardizing Network Mail Headers, September 1973
Abhay Bhushan
RFC 635: An Assessment of ARPANET Protocols, May 1974
Vinton Cerf
RFC 733: Standard for the Format of ARPA Network Text Messages, November 1977
David Crocker
RFC 760: DoD Standard Internet Protocol, January 1980
Jon Postel
RFC 771: Mail Transition Plan, September 1980
Jon Postel
RFC 791: Internet Protocol, September 1981
Jon Postel
RFC 793: Transmission Control Protocol, September 1981
Jon Postel
RFC 801: NCP/TCP Transition Plan, November 1981
Jon Postel
RFC 820: Assigned Numbers, January 1983
Jon Postel
RFC 821: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, August 1982
Jon Postel
RFC 822: Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages, August 1982
David Crocker
RFC 850: Standard for Interchange of USENET Messages, June 1983
Mark Horton
RFC 882: Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities, November 1983
Paul Mockapetris
RFC 883: Domain Names - Implementation and Specification, November 1983
Paul Mockapetris
RFC 896: Congestion Control in IP/TCP Internetworks
John Nagle
RFC 8: ARPA Network Functional Specifications, May 1969
G. Deloche
Rhythmic chanting and mystical states across traditions
· Perry, G.,
Rise of the Machines
Smithsonian Libraries
Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervision
Alec Radford
Rock Art
· UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Rock art from at least 67,800 years ago in Sulawesi
· Oktaviana, A. A
Rock Art of Alta
· UNESCO World Heritage Centre
room and event-graph architecture
Matrix Specification
Roy Fielding and Henrik Frystyk, RFC 1945: HTTP/1.0, May 1996
Tim Berners-Lee
Royal Bastion and 1794 telegraph report:
· Le Quesnoy municipal history
RSS 2.0 Specification
RSS Advisory Board
RSS Best Practices Profile
RSS Advisory Board
RSS Namespace Extension for Podcasting
· Podcasting 2.0
Safeguarding Endangered Oral Traditions in East Africa
· UNESCO
San rock art: evidence and argument
· Lewis-Williams, J. D. and Pearce, D. G
Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation
Santa Clara Principles on Transparency, Accountability in Content Moderation
Satellite Communications
Joseph N. Pelton
saving data
Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Models
Hyung Won Chung
Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models
Jared Kaplan
Schickard and Pascaline
· Computer History Museum
Scribes and the Human Voices of Colophons:
· Qatar Digital Library
Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines
Lisa Gitelman
Scroll and Codex:
· University of Chicago
Scrolling through Imhotep’s Book of the Dead:
· Metropolitan Museum
Scrolls: A Basic Introduction:
· Harvard
Seals research guide:
· The National Archives UK
Seeing and Construing: The Making and ‘Meaning’ of a Southern African Rock Art Motif
· Lewis-Williams, J. D
Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique through Self-Reflection
Akari Asai
Semaphore
· United States Naval Undersea Museum
Semaphore Systems and Edelcrantz towers:
Smithsonian Libraries
Sensors Overview
Android Developers
Sequence Organization and Embodied Mutual Orientations: Openings of Social Interactions between Baboons
· Mondada, L. and Meguerditchian, A. (2022)
Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networks
Ilya Sutskever, Oriol Vinyals, Quoc V. Le
Sequencing in Conversational Openings
Schegloff, E. A. (1968)
Sergey Brin, Rajeev Motwani and Terry Winograd, The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web, Stanford, 1998
Lawrence Page
Shift to Projectors and the Vitascope
· Library of Congress
Should we turn off the music? Music with lyrics interferes with cognitive tasks
· Souza, A. S.,
sign languages:
World Federation of the Deaf
Signal Fires
· Australian Museum
Signal-Trumpet
· Rijksmuseum
Signalling Intent: Beacons and Military Communications
· Ødegaard, Marie,
signs of the Inka khipu:
· Urton
Simplified Procedure for Computing the Absorption of Sound by the Atmosphere
· Rickley, Edward J., Gregg G. Fleming and Christopher J. Roof
Single Postal Territory history: The postal system is the moment when human delivery becomes a network abstraction. A sender no longer needs to hire and supervise one carrier across the entire route. The institution accepts an addressed item, decomposes the journey into stages, manages handoffs and delivers through rules shared by strangers. This is a profound information transition. The post standardises destination, custody, routing, priority and exception handling. It also centralises metadata and control. Later electrical and digital networks accelerate the payload, but their architecture remains haunted by the old postal ghosts: addresses, packets, routes, forwarding, mailboxes and delivery failure
Universal Postal Union
Skills for Transitions to Formality
· International Labour Organization
Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation
· Stickgold, R. and Walker, M. P. (2007)
SMS is a compact operator-mediated store-and-forward service. Its power comes from delayed delivery, universal mobile addressing and network reach, not from real-time conversation or proof that a human read the message
Social Learning among Congo Basin Hunter-Gatherers
· Hewlett, B. S., Fouts, H. N., Boyette, A. H. and Hewlett, B. L. (2011)
Social Learning in Humans and Other Animals
· Gariépy, J.-F. et al. (2014)
Social Learning in the Real World: Over-Imitation Occurs in Both Children and Adults
· Whiten, A. et al. (2016)
Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 2007
· danah m. boyd and Nicole B. Ellison
Social platforms turn relationships into distribution infrastructure. Their defining transformation is the conversion of profiles, connections and interaction traces into programmable audiences governed by platform rules
Software and Languages timeline
· Computer History Museum
Solving a Civil War Photograph Mystery
· Library of Congress
Some Account of the Art of Photogenic Drawing,
William Henry Fox Talbot
Sony and Smithsonian: Audio Preservation
· Smithsonian Institution
Sony Flies Out to the World
· Sony Group
Space Services
International Telecommunication Union
Space, Time and the Electric Telegraph in the Victorian Age: The electrical telegraph’s deepest achievement was not that electricity moves quickly. It was that organisations learned to turn tiny physical distinctions into dependable public service across large networks. Codes, offices, poles, operators, relays, addresses, tariffs and delivery messengers converted pulses into consequences. It also created the first large-scale experience of information arriving ahead of its material context. A price could arrive before the goods, a military order before reinforcements, and news before the ship that generated it. This temporal asymmetry rewarded connected centres and forced railways, markets, governments and newspapers to reorganise around faster knowledge. Telegraphy therefore begins modern telecommunications governance. Interoperability, tariffs and standards were not administrative decorations. They were the difference between many local wires and an international network
Iwan Rhys Morus
Speakers Align on Some Features but Not Others within a Dialogue
· Ostrand, R. and Chodroff, E. (2021)
Specific Facial Signals Associate with Categories of Social Actions Conveyed through Questions
· Nota, N., Trujillo, J. P. and Holler, J. (2023)
Spectral Grids for WDM Applications: DWDM Frequency Grid
ITU-T Recommendation G.694.1
Spectro-temporal acoustical markers differentiate speech from song across cultures
· Albouy, P., Benjamin, L., Morillon, B.,
Speech Recognition
· IBM
Speech Big-picture essays Markup Language (SSML) Version 1.1
· W3C
speech, prosody, gesture and mouth movements:
· Zhang
Statistical Machine Translation
Philipp Koehn
Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition
Frederick Jelinek
Statistical Phrase-Based Translation
Philipp Koehn, Franz Josef Och, Daniel Marcu
Statistical universals reveal the structures and functions of human music
· Savage, P. E., Brown, S., Sakai, E., and Currie, T. E
Studying Cumulative Cultural Evolution in the Laboratory
· Caldwell, C. A. and Millen, A. E. (2009)
Submarine Telegraph Cables: Business and Politics, 1838-1939:
Daniel R. Headrick
substrate, document architecture and script must be analysed separately
Subversive Sound: Transnational Radio, Arabic Recordings, and the Dangers of Listening in French Colonial Algeria
Rebecca P. Scales
Support for Repetitive Transactions and Ad Hoc Queries in System R
D. D. Chamberlin
Survey of Low-Resource Machine Translation
Barry Haddow
Sustainability of Digital Formats: Fixity and Integrity
· Library of Congress
Symbol Signs
· AIGA
Synchrony and physiological arousal increase cohesion and cooperation in large naturalistic groups
· Jackson, J. C., Jong, J., Bilkey, D.,
Syncom 3
· NASA
System R: Relational Approach to Database Management
M. M. Astrahan
Systems at Work resources:
· National Postal Museum
Tabulation did not turn society into data. Organisations did that first, and the machines made the transformation scalable
Tacotron: Towards End-to-End Speech Big-picture essays
Yuxuan Wang
Taking Turns: Bridging the Gap between Human and Animal Communication
· Pika, S. et al. (2018)
Tallies and Other Devices That Accumulate
· Overmann, Karenleigh A
Tallies remembered that something happened. Numerical notation made quantity available for thought, audit and power
Tallying in the Eanna
· Levavi, Yuval
Teaching in Hunter-Gatherer Infancy
· Hewlett, B. S. et al. (2016)
Technical Realization of Cell Broadcast Service
· 3GPP TS 23.041
Technical Realization of the Short Message Service
· 3GPP TS 23.040
Technical Realization of the Short Message Service - Point-to-Point
ETSI GSM 03.40 V5.3.0
Technical Updates for Hosting Providers,
Apple Podcasts for Creators
Telegraph Sounder:
· Smithsonian National Museum of American History
Telegraph Transmitter and multiple-message capacity:
· Smithsonian National Museum of American History
Telephone switchboard:
· Smithsonian National Museum of American History
Television
· Federal Communications Commission
Television and Video Preservation
· Library of Congress
Television's First Seventy-Five Years
William Uricchio
Television: Technology and Cultural Form
Raymond Williams
Telstar
· Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
Test-Enhanced Learning: Taking Memory Tests Improves Long-Term Retention
Roediger, H. L. III, Karpicke, J. D. (2006)
Text Categorization with Support Vector Machines: Learning with Many Relevant Features
Thorsten Joachims
Texting: Instant, But Not Simultaneous
· Computer History Museum
The Akwanshi Stone Monoliths of the Cross River Region in Nigeria and Cameroon
· Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Amarna Letters:
· Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine, 1998
Sergey Brin, Lawrence Page
The App Store Turns 10,
· Apple
The Archaeology of Orality: Dating Tasmanian Aboriginal Oral Traditions to the Late Pleistocene
The Audible Past: Cultural Origins of Sound Reproduction
Jonathan Sterne
The Automatic Big-picture essays of Speech
Homer Dudley
The Basic Options: Meaning and Sound
· Coulmas, Florian
The BBC Began Daily Transmissions
· National Science and Media Museum
The BBC's First Television Broadcasts
BBC History
The beginnings of the Codex:
· British Library
The Birth of Long Distance Communication: Semaphore Telegraphs in Europe, 1790–1840
· Flichy, Patrice
The Body and the Archive,
Allan Sekula
The Burden of Representation: Essays on Photographies and Histories
John Tagg
The Burden of Writing: Scribes in Medieval Manuscripts:
· British Library
The calculator did not make arithmetic think for itself. It made part of arithmetic physically repeatable
The Card Catalog:
· Library of Congress
The card did not merely store a hole. It stored an agreement about what that hole would make a machine do
The Cellular Concept, Bell System Technical Journal, January 1979. Accessible scan:
V. H. MacDonald
The Changing Role of Iconicity in Non-Verbal Symbol Learning
· Namy, Laura L.,
The Child’s Understanding of Number
· Gelman, Rochel and C. R. Gallistel
The Cinema of Attractions: Early Film, Its Spectator and the Avant-Garde,
Tom Gunning
The Compatible Time-Sharing System (1961-1973): Fiftieth Anniversary Commemorative Overview
· David Walden and Tom Van Vleck, eds
The Compatible Time-Sharing System: A Programmer's Guide
F. J. Corbató
The Complexity of Oral Tradition
Rosenberg, B. A. (1987)
The computer's power comes from making procedure both machine-executable and changeable without rebuilding the machine
The Consequences of Literacy
· Goody, J. and Watt, I. (1963)
The cords kept their knots. History cut too many of the connections that made them readable
The Critical Importance of Retrieval for Learning
· Karpicke, J. D. and Roediger, H. L. III (2008)
The Cultural Evolution of Teaching
· Brandl, E. et al. (2023)
The cultural evolutionary trade-off of ritualistic synchrony
· Gelfand, M. J.,
The Cultural Origins of Symbolic Number
· O’Shaughnessy, David M.,
The Cultural Transmission and Evolution of Folk Narratives
· Tehrani, J. J. and colleagues
The Curious Case of Neural Text Degeneration
Ari Holtzman
The Daguerreian Era and Early American Photography on Paper, 1839–60
· Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Daguerreotype Medium
· Library of Congress
The Development of Cumulative Cultural Learning
· Davis, H. E. and Kline, M. A. (2020)
The Development of Television
· Library of Congress
The developmental origins of musicality
· Trehub, S. E
The Diamond Sutra:
International Dunhuang Programme
The Diamond Sutra:
· British Library
The earliest directly dated rock paintings from southern Africa: new AMS radiocarbon dates
· Bonneau, A
The Earliest Writing? Sign Use in the Seventh Millennium BC at Jiahu, Henan Province, China
· Li, Xueqin, Garman Harbottle, Juzhong Zhang and Changsui Wang
The ecology of entrainment: foundations of coordinated rhythmic movement
· Phillips-Silver, J., Aktipis, C. A., and Bryant, G. A
The effects of climate change on the Pleistocene rock art of Sulawesi
· Huntley, J
The Effects of Processing and Sequence Organization on the Timing of Turn Taking
· Roberts, S. G., Torreira, F. and Levinson, S. C. (2015)
The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907
Charles Musser
The Envelopes That Bear the First Writing
· Schmandt-Besserat, Denise
The Ethnography of Surrogate Speech in a Foreign Language: The Case of the Timpani Drum Language among the Dagomba of Ghana
Hudu, Fusheini Angulu
The Evolution of Imitation: What Do the Capacities of Non-Human Animals Tell Us about the Mechanisms of Imitation?
· Huber, L. et al. (2009)
The First Android-Powered Phone,
The first human communication infrastructure was not carved, printed or networked. It stood up, looked back and moved
The Functions of Imitative Behaviour in Humans
· Cracco, E. et al. (2018)
The Future of Money: Large Print Guide
· Bank of England Museum
The Global Jukebox: a public database of performing arts and culture
· Wood, A. L. C., Kirby, K. R., Ember, C. R.,
The Global Telegraph Network:
Roland Wenzlhuemer
The Gramophone
· Library of Congress
The Great Art of Light and Shadow: Archaeology of the Cinema
Laurent Mannoni
The Gutenberg Bible and hand finishing:
· Harry Ransom Center
The Handbook of Conversation Analysis
· Sidnell, J. and Stivers, T., eds. (2013)
The History of Photography
Beaumont Newhall
The IBM 650
· IBM
The ice-breaker effect: singing mediates fast social bonding
· Pearce, E., Launay, J., and Dunbar, R. I. M
The Iconicity of Picture Communication Symbols for Children with English Additional Language and Mild Intellectual Disability
· Dada, Shakila
The Industrial Book, 1840-1880: Mass-produced books transformed a work into a distributed population. That allowed readers in different places and times to encounter substantially shared arguments, stories and reference structures. The edition became a new unit of information history, larger than one copy but smaller than the title across all its versions. The press alone cannot explain this transformation. Editors, binders, merchants, cataloguers, schools, libraries and transport networks convert reproduced sheets into social access. A warehouse full of unsold books is immense reproduction capacity and almost no communication. The topic therefore marks the point where information abundance becomes an organisational problem. More copies improve redundancy and shared reference, but they also create stock risk, gatekeeping, edition confusion and competition for attention. Mass publication does not abolish scarcity. It relocates scarcity from the physical text toward money, literacy, discovery and reader time
· Cambridge University Press
The Information Available in Brief Visual Presentations
· Sperling, G. (1960)
The Intelsat Global Satellite System
· NASA
The Interface Message Processor for the ARPA Computer Network
W. R. Crowther
the Internet
The Internet is a federation of heterogeneous networks, not one giant network technology. IP provides a common datagram layer, TCP is one transport above it, and naming, routing, governance and physical infrastructure remain distinct systems
The Invention of the Newspaper, early news networks:
Joad Raymond
The Ishango Bone
· Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels
The Last Living Pictographic Script in the World
· UNESCO
The Little-Known Transistor Radio Kit
· Sony Group
The Logic of Indirect Speech
· Pinker, S., Nowak, M. A., and Lee, J. J
The Magical Number 4 in Short-Term Memory: A Reconsideration of Mental Storage Capacity
· Cowan, N. (2001)
The Materiality of Numbers: Emergence and Elaboration from Prehistory to Present
· Overmann, Karenleigh A
The Mathematics of Statistical Machine Translation: Parameter Estimation
Peter F. Brown
The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialogue between Genes and Synapses
Kandel, E. R. (2000)
The Multiple Roles of Cultural Transmission Experiments in Understanding Human Cultural Evolution
· Mesoudi, A. and Whiten, A. (2008)
The Mystery of Language Evolution
· Hauser, M. D
The Netflix Recommender System: Algorithms, Business Value, and Innovation, ACM TMIS, 2016
Carlos A. Gomez-Uribe, Neil Hunt
The Neurobiological Foundation of Memory Retrieval
· Frankland, P. W., Josselyn, S. A. and Köhler, S. (2019)
The Neurobiology of Social Distance
· Bzdok, D. and Dunbar, R. I. M. (2020)
The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing
Peter Mell, Timothy Grance
The Origin of Human Multi-Modal Communication
· Levinson, S. C., and Holler, J
The Origin of Protoconversation: An Examination of Caregiver Responses to Cry and Speech-Like Vocalizations
· Yoo, H., Bowman, D. A. and Oller, D. K. (2018)
The Origins of Language in Teaching
· Laland, K. N
The Origins of Television
· British Film Institute
The Origins of Writing
· Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Origins of Writing in Mesopotamia
· Woods, Christopher
The Persistence and Transience of Memory
· Richards, B. A. and Frankland, P. W. (2017)
The Post: A Beacon of Transformation:
Universal Postal Union
The Pre-Commercial Period of the Telephone, 1911:
Alexander Graham Bell
The Preference for Self-Correction in the Organization of Repair in Conversation
· Schegloff, E. A., Jefferson, G. and Sacks, H. (1977)
The Protection of Information in Computer Systems
J. H. Saltzer, M. D. Schroeder
The punched card
· IBM
The Puzzle of Ideography
· Morin, Olivier
The Reformation Beyond Print:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia
The Relational Database
· IBM
The Relevance of Human Whistled Languages for the Analysis and Decoding of Dolphin Communication
· Meyer, Julien
The Rise of Paper Photography in 1850s France
· Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Rise of Printing in Medieval East Asia:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia
The Role and Function of ‘Tokens’ and Sealing Practices in the Neolithic of the Near East
· Bennison-Chapman, Lucy E
The Role of Deliberate Practice in Expert Performance: Revisiting Ericsson, Krampe and Tesch-Römer
· Macnamara, B. N. and Maitra, M. (2019)
The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance
· Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T. and Tesch-Römer, C. (1993)
The scroll made long texts portable by turning reading into a journey through a controlled window
The Signature in Law:
· University of London Press
The Singer of Tales
· Lord, A. B. (1960; later editions)
The song that never ends: repeated exposure and involuntary musical imagery
· Killingly, C.,
The Soundscape of Modernity
Emily Thompson
The Speech Surrogacy Systems of the Yoruba Dùndún and Bàtá Drums: On the Interface Between Organology and Phonology
· González, Mariano, and Olupemi Oludare
The State of Decipherment of Proto-Elamite
· Englund, Robert K
The Storage Engine: A Timeline of Milestones in Storage Technology
· Computer History Museum
The Telegraph and the Bank:
Simone M. Müller
The Theory of Oral Composition: History and Methodology
Foley, J. M. (1988)
The Timing and Construction of Preference: A Quantitative Study
· Kendrick, K. H. and Torreira, F. (2015)
The Transformation of Cinema, 1907–1915
Eileen Bowser
The Transistor Radio and Changing Cultural Coordinates
Tim Wall, Nick Webber
The TREC Spoken Document Retrieval Track: A Success Story
· NIST
The Use of Content and Timing to Predict Turn Transitions
· Garrod, S. and Pickering, M. J. (2015)
The Virtues of Sharing
· Computer History Museum
The Vocal Tract as a Time Machine: Inferences about Past Speech and Language from the Anatomy of the Speech Organs
· Dediu, D., Moisik, S. R., Baetsen, W. A., Bosman, A. M., and Waters-Rist, A. L
The Voder
Bell Laboratories Record
The Voice of the Past: Oral History
· Thompson, P. (1988 and later editions)
The Weaver Memorandum and the Origins of Machine Translation
John Hutchins
The Web is a shared information space created by global identification, standard interactions, transferable representations and links. HTML pages are common occupants of that space, not the architecture itself
The Word Is Not Enough:
American Journal of Archaeology
The World Wide Web: A Very Short Personal History, 1998
Tim Berners-Lee
The World's First Regular High-Definition Television Service
· Science Museum Group
Themes
· WordPress.org Documentation
Thomas Arithmometer
· Computer History Museum
Thomas Edison Timeline
· Library of Congress
Thomason Tracts:
· British Library
Time Tools
· Cooperrider, Kensy
Timeline of the Daguerreotype Era
· Library of Congress
Timesharing as a Business
· Computer History Museum
Timesharing: PDP-1 Restoration Project
· Computer History Museum
Timing in Conversation
· Meyer, A. S., Alday, P. M., Decuyper, C. and Knudsen, B. (2023)
Timing in Turn-Taking and Its Implications for Processing Models of Language
· Levinson, S. C. and Torreira, F. (2015)
Tokens and accounting objects transformed information from a mark that could be inspected into a model that could be manipulated. By turning goods, quantities and obligations into portable objects, they enabled sorting, transfer, reconciliation and institutional memory. Their later interaction with seals, impressions and tablets helped produce written accounting, but their deeper contribution was older and broader: they taught humans to operate on representations of reality rather than reality alone
Tokens: Their Significance for the Origin of Counting and Writing
· Schmandt-Besserat, Denise
Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools
Timo Schick
Tools of the Trade: Accounting Tokens as an Alternative to Text in the Cuneiform World
· Bennison-Chapman, Lucy E
Toward a Neural Basis of Interactive Alignment in Conversation
· Menenti, L., Pickering, M. J. and Garrod, S. C. (2012)
Tracking the Division of Labour Through Handprints: Applying Reflectance Transformation Imaging to Clay ‘Tokens’ in Neolithic West Asia
· Bennison-Chapman, Lucy E., and Lori D. Hager
Tradition of Vedic Chanting
· UNESCO
Traditional Craftsmanship
· UNESCO
Traditional Cultural Expressions
· World Intellectual Property Organization
Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models
Jordan Hoffmann
Training Language Models to Follow Instructions with Human Feedback
Long Ouyang
Transcribing Medieval Manuscripts for Machine Learning: Scribal copying solved the problem of textual mortality by creating descendants. It did not produce identical clones. Every copy passed through perception, working memory, language, convention and material labour, which made variation inevitable and interpretation possible. The result was a resilient but evolutionary text ecology. Works survived because they were copied, and they changed because they were copied. The topic belongs simultaneously to reproduction and processing, and it supplies the conceptual bridge from manuscript witnesses to printed editions, version control and modern provenance
· Guéville and Wrisley
Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Big-picture essays
Ye Jia
Translation
Warren Weaver
Transmission of Aggression through Imitation of Aggressive Models
· Bandura, A., Ross, D. and Ross, S. A. (1961)
Transmission of Multiple Traditions within and between Chimpanzee Groups
· Whiten, A. et al. (2007)
Transmission of Texts by Scribes and Copyists:
· Beit-Arié
Trumpets
· Bate Collection of Musical Instruments, University of Oxford
Turn-Timing in Signed Conversations: Coordinating Stroke-to-Stroke Turn Boundaries
· de Vos, C., Torreira, F. and Levinson, S. C. (2015)
Two Decades of Recommender Systems at Amazon.com, IEEE Internet Computing, 2017
Brent Smith, Greg Linden
Type and Token in the Prehistoric Origins of Numbers
· Schlaudt, Oliver
U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art
· Hoffmann, D. L
Ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Secret Society
· Hood Museum of Art
Understanding Small Graphical Symbols: A Cross-Cultural Study
Piamonte, D. Paul, H. Ohlsson, S. Abeysekera
Understanding Stone Tool-Making Skill Acquisition: Experimental Methods and Evolutionary Implications
· Stout, D. et al. (2019)
Unicode History
Unicode Consortium
Unicode Technical Standard #51: Unicode Emoji
Unicode Consortium
Unintentional Scribal Errors:
Cambridge Core
Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems
· Dingemanse, M. et al. (2015)
Universality and diversity in human song
· Mehr, S. A., Singh, M., Knox, D.,
Universals and Cultural Variation in Turn-Taking in Conversation
· Stivers, T. et al. (2009)
Unpeeling the Layers of Language: Bonobos and Chimpanzees Engage in Cooperative Turn-Taking Sequences
· Fröhlich, M. et al. (2016)
Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the Media
Ella Shohat, Robert Stam
Uruk and I
· Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative
Uruk: The First City:
· Metropolitan Museum
Use of Communities of Practice in Business and Health Care Sectors: A Systematic Review
· Li, L. C. et al. (2009)
User Notifications
Apple Developer Documentation
Using Language
Clark, H. H. (1996)
Vanuatu Sand Drawings
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
Vanuatu Sand-drawings
· UNESCO Multimedia Archives
Venetian Bookseller’s Ledger:
· 15cBOOKTRADE
Verbal Art as Performance
· Bauman, R. (1977)
Victorian Film and early projection collections
· British Film Institute
Video Diffusion Models
Jonathan Ho
Video Podcasts Using RSS
Apple Podcasts for Creators
visitor memories and chronology noting ICQ and AIM, introduced in 1997
· Library of Congress
visual bodily signals and coordination:
· Holler
Vocal Turn-Taking in a Non-Human Primate Is Learned during Ontogeny
· Chow, C. P., Mitchell, J. F. and Miller, C. T. (2015)
Voice, Speech, and Language: What Are They?
· National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
Voice-Modulatory Cues to Structure across Languages and Species
· Matzinger, T
Volta Laboratory experimental recording and graphophone collections
· Smithsonian Institution
Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models
Guanzhi Wang
WaveNet: A Generative Model for Raw Audio
Aäron van den Oord
WebCrawler: Finding What People Want, University of Washington dissertation, 2000, documenting the 1994 system
Brian Pinkerton
WebGPT: Browser-Assisted Question-Answering with Human Feedback
Reiichiro Nakano
Were ancient seals secure?, Antiquity:
· Johnston
What Are Cultural Attractors?
· Miton, H. and Scott-Phillips, T. (2017)
What Happened to Mirror Neurons?
· Heyes, C. and Catmur, C. (2022)
What Is Intangible Cultural Heritage?
· UNESCO
What Is ‘Conversational’ about Conversational Technologies, Products, and Services? Insights from Conversation Analysis
· Stokoe, E., Albert, S. and Pearl, C. (2026)
What was Ashurbanipal’s Library?:
· British Museum
What was the first ‘art’? How would we know?
· McDermott, A
When Music Speaks: An Acoustic Study of the Speech Surrogacy of the Nigerian Dùndún Talking Drum
· Durojaye, Cecilia,
Which Way to the Dawn of Speech? Reanalyzing Half a Century of Debates and Data in Light of Speech Science
· Boë, L.-J
Whistled Language
· UNESCO
Whistled Language of the Island of La Gomera, the Silbo Gomero
· UNESCO
Who is credited with inventing the telephone?:
· Library of Congress
Why We Twitter: Understanding Microblogging Usage and Communities, WebKDD/SNA-KDD 2007
Akshay Java
Woodblock Prints in the Ukiyo-e Style:
· Metropolitan Museum of Art
Working Memory
· Baddeley, A. D. and Hitch, G. J. (1974)
Working Memory of Numerals in Chimpanzees
· Inoue, S. and Matsuzawa, T. (2007)
WorldWideWeb, the first Web client, W3C
Tim Berners-Lee
WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project, CERN, November 1990
Tim Berners-Lee, Robert Cailliau
Writing in Early Mesopotamia: The Token Envelope Project
· Woods, Christopher
Writing Systems
· Cambridge University Press
Writing-on-Stone / Áísínai’pi
· UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine, RFC 675: Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program, December 1974
Vint Cerf
YouTube & the Online Video Revolution,
· YouTube
Z3
· Computer History Museum
Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generation
Aditya Ramesh
Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art Cultural Landscape
· UNESCO World Heritage Centre